Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt, is the world’s largest ancient religious site and one of the most spectacular Egyptian temples ever built. Over 2,000 years in the making, it stands as a colossal tribute to the gods Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, and to the power of the pharaohs who expanded it through centuries.

In this guide, you’ll discover the history of Karnak Temple, its divine significance, architectural wonders, must-see highlights, and essential visitor tips. Whether you’re planning a day trip or a full Egypt tour, Karnak is a journey through time you cannot miss.

Where Is the Temple of Karnak Located?

The Karnak Temple complex is located in the heart of Luxor, on the eastern bank of the Nile River in southern Egypt. Known in ancient times as Thebes, this area was the religious capital of the New Kingdom.

Today, Karnak Temple Egypt remains one of the top attractions in Luxor, drawing millions of visitors each year who come to walk among its vast pylons, towering obelisks, and sacred spaces.

When Was Karnak Temple Built?

Karnak Temple Luxor was built over a span of 2,000 years, beginning around 2055 BC and continuing through to 100 AD. It was dedicated primarily to the Theban triad: Amun, Mut, and Khonsu.

Ancient Egyptians called it the “most select of places.” As the largest religious complex ever constructed, the Temple of Karnak became the central hub of worship, politics, and power in ancient Egypt.

The Divine Legacy of Karnak Temple: Amun, Mut & Khonsu

The Karnak Temple complex was primarily dedicated to the Theban triad: the god Amun, his consort Mut, and their son Khonsu. These deities represented power, fertility, and protection, forming the spiritual core of ancient Thebes.

Amun – God of the Sun & Air

Amun was one of Egypt’s most powerful gods, linked with the sun and air. During the New Kingdom (1570–1069 BC), he rose to supreme prominence and was worshipped as Amun-Ra. Karnak’s Temple of Amun became the spiritual heart of Egypt.

Mut – The Mother Goddess

Mut, meaning “mother,” was worshipped as a protective mother goddess. She symbolized divine femininity and fertility, and was often depicted with a vulture headdress. Her temple within the Karnak Temple Egypt complex emphasized her vital role in the Theban triad.

Khonsu – God of the Moon

The god Khonsu represented the moon and time. His name means “traveler,” reflecting the moon’s nightly journey across the sky. At Karnak, the Temple of Khonsu was built during the reign of Ramesses III and remains one of the best-preserved structures of the complex.

The Importance of the Karnak Temple

The Temple of Karnak was the spiritual and political heart of Thebes during the New Kingdom. As the main sanctuary of Amun-Ra, it symbolized divine kingship and was central to religious festivals such as the Opet Festival, where statues of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu traveled to the Luxor Temple.

Beyond its religious role, Karnak Temple Luxor also served as a treasury, administrative hub, and political stage for pharaohs. Its sheer scale—covering over 200 acres with towering pylons, massive courts, and sacred lakes—demonstrates its unmatched influence in ancient Egypt.

Over more than 1,000 years, pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Tuthmose III, Seti I, and Ramesses II expanded Karnak, leaving behind obelisks, hypostyle halls, and inscriptions that chronicle military victories and divine rituals. Today, it remains the largest temple complex in the world, a UNESCO World Heritage marvel that attracts millions of visitors each year.

Plan of the Karnak Temple Complex

Karnak Temple is a vast complex with pylons, courts, shrines, and sanctuaries built over centuries. Here’s a simplified overview of its main parts:

First Pylon

The western entrance of Karnak Temple, fronted by ram-headed sphinxes built by Ramses II. It is the largest pylon in Egypt, probably completed in the 30th dynasty by Nectanebo I.

The Great Court

A vast open courtyard built in the 22nd dynasty. Its walls depict pharaohs’ victories, and inside remain the kiosk of Taharqa and colossal statues, leading toward the Second Pylon.

Temple of Ramses III

A small temple on the right side of the Great Court, built by Ramses III. It includes chapels, a hypostyle hall, and statues of the king in jubilee attire receiving life from Amun.

Chapel of Senusret I

A limestone bark shrine from the Middle Kingdom, notable for its inscriptions and unique design. It shows records of Egypt’s nomes (provinces) carved into its parapets.

Red Chapel of Hatshepsut

Constructed from red quartzite and black granite, this shrine was built for Hatshepsut’s barque and later restored by Thutmose III. Its striking color gave it the name “Red Chapel.”

Second Pylon

Built by Horemheb and later decorated by Ramesses I and II. It leads directly into the famous Hypostyle Hall, one of Karnak’s greatest achievements.

Hypostyle Hall

A forest of 134 columns arranged in 16 rows, with inscriptions of Seti I and Ramses II. The hall preserves scenes of battles and the world’s first known peace treaty.

Third to Tenth Pylons

From Amenhotep III’s Third Pylon to the Tenth Pylon of Horemheb, each gateway added new grandeur. They mark the temple’s expansion through the New Kingdom, with obelisks, chapels, and courts showcasing the legacy of great pharaohs.

• Third Pylon: Built by Amenhotep III; decorated with jubilee festival scenes.
• Fourth Pylon: Constructed by Thutmose I; once flanked by Hatshepsut’s obelisks.
• Fifth Pylon: Another gateway by Thutmose I, leading further east.
• Sixth Pylon: Built by Thutmose III; walls record lists of conquered peoples.
• Seventh Pylon: Constructed by Thutmose III; site of the “Cachette” with 20,000 statues found in 1904.
• Eighth Pylon: Built by Queen Hatshepsut in Karnak Temple, later usurped by Thutmose III.
• Ninth Pylon: Built by Horemheb, marking later New Kingdom expansion.
• Tenth Pylon: Also by Horemheb, using stone from Akhenaten’s dismantled temples.

Sacred Lake

Constructed by Thutmose III, the Sacred Lake was used for priestly rituals and purification. It remains one of the most tranquil spots within the Karnak complex.

Highlights of the Karnak Temple Complex

The Karnak Temple complex is not a single building but a vast open-air museum of temples, chapels, pylons, and sanctuaries. Here are the must-see highlights when exploring the Temple of Karnak in Luxor:

• The Hypostyle Hall: A monumental hall with 134 massive papyrus-shaped columns, some rising over 20 meters. It remains one of the greatest achievements of ancient Egyptian architecture.
• First Pylon: The main entrance of the temple, originally flanked by colossal statues and ram-headed sphinxes.
• Obelisks of Hatshepsut: Towering granite obelisks celebrating one of Egypt’s most famous queens.
• Temple of Amun: The central sanctuary dedicated to Amun-Ra, reflecting his role as the supreme deity of Thebes.
• Sacred Lake: Used for ritual purification by priests, still visible within the temple grounds.

Walking through these sites gives visitors an unmatched sense of the scale and spirituality that defined Karnak Temple Egypt, making it one of the world’s most iconic archaeological treasures.